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L’ONU a 75 ans : Renaissance ou décadence?
October 1, 2020

Le 24 octobre prochain, le monde célébrera le 75e anniversaire de la création de l’Organisation des Nations unies (ONU). Cette célébration intervient dans un contexte dominé par l’impact socio-économique de la pandémie Covid-19 et marqué par un recul inquiétant du multilatéralisme et par une fragilisation rampante de ses Institutions les plus représentatives.

Après la malheureuse expérience de la Société des Nations, créée en 1919, la mise en place des Nations unies a fait naître l’espoir d’un monde pacifique, coopératif et solidaire entre ses membres. Cependant, les aléas des rapports entre les deux super Grands durant la Guerre froide ont pratiquement paralysé l’Institution et l’ont transformée en lieu de confrontation et en instrument de lutte d’influence, et se sont reflétés sur sa performance.

A la suite de la désintégration de l’ex-Union soviétique et le rapprochement entre les Etats- Unis et la Fédération de Russie, l’action de l’ONU a enregistré un essor sans précédent en termes de gestion des conflits, avec le déploiement de plusieurs Opérations de maintien de la paix dans différentes régions du monde.

L’action de l’Organisation mondiale sur les trois piliers de son mandat, le maintien de la paix, le respect des droits de l’Homme et la coopération pour le développement, dégage un bilan mitigé qui laisse apparaître quelques succès (Mozambique, Namibie, Timor Leste) et plusieurs échecs (Bosnie, Rwanda, Somalie). Aujourd’hui, l’ONU se trouve critiquée pour son manque de représentativité, de légitimité et d’efficacité et les appels se multiplient en faveur de réformes qui concernent le Conseil de sécurité, le rôle de l’Organisation dans le domaine du développement et du changement climatique en plus de la gestion interne de son Secrétariat.

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